Films With Milena Velba

Northern League until 2000 in campaign posters.

[Le Monde]

Despite the problems that beset him, despite his return to the courts after the rejection by the Constitutional Court of the law granting him immunity, and despite its controversy with the press and the episcopal hierarchy, Silvio Berlusconi remains popular, even though polls show him falling for six months. It's just been ordained a "Rock star" of the year from a magazine. He won election three times: in 2008 the majority has advanced 4% to 8 June's European, 2%. Fails to rebut the criticisms appear as a martyr and victim of "conspiracies". How to explain such a phenomenon and its longevity?

This is the "mystery Berlusconi" can not be resolved by simplistic explanations such as telecrazia, the "populism" or the demonization of the character. It is time to admit the complexity of the phenomenon and to analyze it in depth. Three types of reasons combined may explain its success.

First of all, do not forget the fundamentals of politics. Silvio Berlusconi appeared in the political vacuum of the '90-'91, after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the investigation "Clean Hands" that caused the collapse of Christian Democracy, the Socialist Party and the mutation of the Communist Party. He then created a party from his business, a powerful party, Forza Italy, who later took root throughout the country and has recently merged with the party of Gianfranco Fini, the People of Freedom. The Knight has become the first leader of the Italian political party that collects more than 35% of the electorate. Now, the Italian political life for the past fifteen years is the polarization change of the electoral law that led to the confrontation of two major coalitions. This bipolarity has reduced to a fight every election for or against Silvio Berlusconi.
These have a solid majority that began in 1993, despite some internal conflicts and the growing importance of the Northern League. This alliance allowed him to rule the country for a whole term (2001-2006), an exceptional event after the war. Faced with this strong coalition, the center-left opposition is divided, weak and no real alternative project.

The second type of explanatory causes of the phenomenon of Berlusconi and his successful conquest of cultural hegemony through ongoing work on symbols and values. From his experience in business and management, Berlusconi has kept the cult of "work value" and translate it into energy slogans like "the president contractor" or "workers' president", and the hustle and bustle of his presidency.

In a country where 90% of the population is Catholic, he adheres to the values of the Church and family, for example, abortion, morning-after pill, the private school or on the presence of crucifixes in public places. In a country where the state is quite weak and inefficient, the Knight excels in anti-statism. Its neo-liberalism celebrates the anti-party politics, anti-bureaucracy and public institutions like the criticism or the magistrates Rai regularly referred to as "communists". Berlusconi is always set to "anti" in order to recycle the power to popular criticism: it is anti-political politics and even anti-media, despite his media empire. It may even be able to afford to declare: "Poor Italy, did not the media it deserves!" From its beginnings in politics, Silvio Berlusconi wants to embody the dream of a united Italy and efficient, as if it were for promotion of a product. Identifies his own adventure as a man who is self-made with the history of his country. He wants to embody in his tireless head of the body, the smile steel, dall'abbronzatura permanent hair reborn, the Italian with its strengths and weaknesses, in order to dismiss any criticism in the field of 'anti-Italian " .
manipulator of signs and symbols, imported in the political crisis in the two technologies of power of the media that built and which remains the owner: the marketing and television spectacle. And this is the third set of explanatory causes of the phenomenon. Marketing as a new television talk shows and reality shows are powerful methods to capture public attention and to orchestrate the proceedings. These techniques have allowed him to capture the common sense and adhere to the public by handling the emotions and compassion. Today is governed less by violence with seduction, fascination and fear. His
Broadcasting - one of his nicknames that joins eminent broadcaster - acts as the organizer public debates on the model of the animator-host of talk shows. Silvio Berlusconi is always at the center of the scene or the plot as Aquila, is seen to become omnipresent chief of rescue operations. Similarly, during official meetings, deviates from the protocol with his "jokes" or its mimic in order to attract attention. Taking the way for the television drama, the privatization policy, and merges with an eror soap opera or soap opera like "love, glory, power and money." Now the hero of Italian history, now suffering martyr to fulfill its mission to serve the country, remains the focus of debates and conversations. In

fund, Silvio Berlusconi wins in politics due to its ability to handle more than the techniques of the television to control the media. Sure, "the Italian anomaly", that the conflict of interest, it remains a unique case in the world, but the Italian laboratory shows that the politician has become a TV show continued by other means. The "Sarkozysmo" I was inspired. The political leader is "tele-reality" (Georges Balandier). Television and reality, is constantly followed as the heroes of a drama and becomes a familiar figure. The social panopticon was reversed and upside down, "the world" the monitor. By now the political leader is at least / under father of the nation (more) that the reference in a fluid society.

Pierre Musso is a professor of communication sciences at the University of Rennes-II. Latest work: "Tele-politics. The sarkoberlusconismo on the screen "(Ed. de l'Aube)

[Original article" Berlusconi: The Mystery d'une popularity "by Pierre Musso] Facebook of the left ", but reveals that it did not voted on the left. "For the first time in years I did not vote the Left - confesses Costanzo - that is to say that I did not vote the Democratic Party in the last election in 2008. That said, I still consider myself a man with leftist ideas, and sometimes I think I'm much more left of those who are left-wing politics. " Costanzo explains that he started to worry "when they kicked off the mess-ups in practice by UL on. The left is left and if we want to call PDS or DS is one thing, but if you join Margaret, magnolia, forget-me and make these decks, then it goes. Just look at what has happened now in Pd: Rutelli, the former Margaret, was released. I estimate Bersani-and-ends look to see how they move. I hope to return to vote Pd. They are twice already since I've been to the polls. " An error

"hanging from the lips of the various Spatuzza and serious', he said Maurizio Costanzo, who returns to talk about the Mafia and was the victim of the attack in Rome in '93. "They tried to hit me and my family with a bomb and Michele Santoro - he said - because I walked with my programs in the families of mafiosi, I spoke to their wives and their children." But it also says the judges (the national association judges would do well to make proposals and not just to pursue what they say politicians') and Marcello Dell'Utri ('very experienced'). "My drives were the true culture, cross-popular, while Santoro was more niche," says Costanzo. Explains that he does not believe the revelations of the repentant Spatuzza, "It made me smile, because in him is absolute respect, I called Dr. Costanzo, but would have done better to have more respect for Falcone, who has never called 'Dr. Falcone. " Falcone and Borsellino, "would never have attended a variety or afternoon talk," he recalls, "Having said that - said commenting on the statements by the Minister of Justice Alfano - also seems to me an exaggeration to say that judges are always on television." Finally Dell'Utri: "I was feeling it on TV a few nights ago in the sale program - known Costanzo - human, I was sad also because I understand everything that is going through in these years. "